Avian Influenza: Transmission and Public Health Threat
Spread from Birds to Animals and Humans
Avian influenza viruses, commonly known as bird flu, primarily spread from infected birds to animals and humans through close contact with birds or contaminated environments, such as in backyard poultry farm settings. Infected birds shed the virus in their saliva, feces, and nasal secretions, which can then be transmitted through direct contact with these materials or contaminated surfaces.
Human Health Risks
Human infections with avian influenza viruses (AIV) pose a significant public health threat. The principal risk factor is exposure to infected birds or contaminated environments. When avian influenza viruses AH5 or AH7 infect humans, they can cause severe respiratory illnesses, including pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In some cases, these illnesses can be fatal.
Transmission from Contaminated Environments
Avian influenza viruses can also be transmitted through contaminated environments, such as poultry farms, markets, and exhibitions. People who work with poultry or handle infected birds are at increased risk of exposure to the virus. Additionally, people who live in or visit areas affected by avian influenza outbreaks may be exposed to the virus through contact with contaminated surfaces, such as soil, water, or air.
Preventing Transmission
To prevent the transmission of avian influenza viruses, it is crucial to practice good hygiene measures, such as frequent handwashing and avoiding contact with sick birds or contaminated environments. Poultry farmers and workers should wear protective gear and follow biosecurity measures to minimize the risk of infection. Public health officials monitor avian influenza outbreaks and issue recommendations to reduce the risk of transmission to humans.
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